![]() ![]() ![]() when the accumulation of Na + exceeds that of other cations) and over-exploitation of groundwater, which exhaust high-quality water resources, resulting in water extraction from less favourable groundwater that may be brackish or saline ( Ruto et al., 2021). The problem is often exacerbated by decreases in soil permeability caused by sodicity (i.e. as a result of replacing deep-rooted vegetation with annual crop and pasture species, which results in a higher proportion of incoming rain entering the groundwater Pannell and Ewing, 2006 McFarlane et al., 2016). Secondary dryland salinization can also occur in non-irrigated areas due to changes in the hydrological balance of a landscape and rising water tables (e.g. Na + and Cl −) without adequate, periodic leaching of the accumulated salts from the soil. The salinization of agricultural land commonly occurs as a result of using irrigation water containing elevated levels of ions (e.g. ![]() secondary salinization), is a threat to agriculture and a major limitation to food production. ![]() primary salinization) and as a consequence of human activities (i.e. Soil salinity, both naturally occurring (i.e. Many of the marginal areas are also affected by soil salinity. To achieve this production goal, agriculture will inevitably expand further into marginal lands ( Pancaldi and Trindade, 2020 Ahmadzai et al., 2021 Khanna et al., 2021 Razzaq et al., 2021), which often suffer from poor soil structure and low fertility ( Mantovani et al., 2015 Shukla et al., 2017). The world’s population is expected to increase to 9.9 billion by 2050 ( Liu et al., 2020 a), prompting a need to double annual food production within the next 30 years ( Razzaq et al., 2021). ![]()
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